The super-plural words are a few numbers and pronouns that indicate a counting not of separate things, but of groups of things.
All of them use inflections of the singular. These words are pronouns kas – 'who? what?', kažkas – 'something, somebody' and reflexive pronoun savęs. There are only few words that demonstrate indefinite number, and the indefinite number doesn't have its own forms in Lithuanian. The indefinite number indicates that the same form of the word can be understood singular or plural, depending both on situation and on other words in the sentence. Presently, the dual is mostly used as a declension paradigm for numbers du – two, abu – both (and a variant abudu – idem) and with personal pronouns aš – I, mùdu du. But in many more cases the dual was reduced to a nominal category explicitly indicating a pair of things, but not requiring dual agreement of adjectives or verbs.
#Jai wolf lost stems full
During the last century, the dual was used more or less sporadically in Lithuanian, sometimes reaching the status of a full number for agreement purposes, meaning the dual of noun required dual agreement in its adjectives or the dual of the subject required the dual of the verb. Historically, the dual number has been a full grammatical number, participating as the third element in singular-dual – plural distinction. The dual number indicates a pair of things. Their number depends on that of the noun they are attributed to. But sometimes, when a word doesn't have the singular number, being a plurale tantum noun, the plural form doesn't indicate real singularity or plurality of the denoted object(s).Īdjectives and numerals also have the singular-plural distinction. The plural number, when it can be in contrast with the singular, indicates that there are many of the things denoted by the word. The singular number indicates that the denoted thing is one or indivisible (as in méilė – love, smė̃lis – sand, píenas – milk). Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example du ("two") and abu ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words ( dauginiai žodžiai in Lithuanian). It has also a dual number, which is used in certain dialects, such as Samogitian. The Lithuanian language has two main numbers, singular and plural.
Heard, listened from audīre – to hear, listen Lithuanian grammatical genders are similar to, for instance, Latin:įrom girdė́ti – to hear (continuing, imperfective action)įrom išgir̃sti – to hear (one-time, perfective action) The masculine or feminine usage of these words is stable (with few exceptions) and doesn't depend on the will of a speaker. Note that there are many nouns that use masculine or feminine genders without any reason of biological gender, for instance, words that denote inanimate objects. The masculine as the indeterminate gender differs from the indefinite gender, which allows treatment of the word in two ways. This means that for an entire mixed group of objects belonging to masculine and feminine genders, the masculine gender is used. The masculine gender is also the indeterminate gender as in many other Indo-European languages. The nouns of the indefinite gender have feminine form inflections. The word kas uses masculine inflections, the other pronouns have their own specific paradigm. The gender of a pronoun kas – 'who? what?', personal pronouns aš / mes – 'I' / 'we', tu / jūs – 'you (singular) / you (plural)' and a reflexive pronoun savęs is indefinite, it means any of the genders. Skaityti buvo įdomu ( neuter) – Reading was interesting.Mokytojas ( masc.) bus pasirengęs ( masc.) – The teacher will be ready.Ji ( fem.) yra graži ( fem.) – She is beautiful.Since no noun can have a neutral gender, it is used with subjects of neutral or undefined gender: Lithuanian adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles are classified into one of three genders: Lithuanian nouns are classified into one of two genders: The following is a list of Lithuanian terms for properties and morphological categories, with their English translations or equivalents: Properties and morphological categories Grammatical terminology 6.2.3 Used with accusative form of noun.6.2.2 Used with instrumental form of noun.2.3.1 Grouping by a syllable nucleus of a pre-desinential syllable.1 Properties and morphological categories.